[Chile and the covid-19 pandemic: remembering social medicine in the context of the neoliberal crisis]. / Chile y la pandemia de covid-19: memoria de la medicina social en contexto de crisis neoliberal.

Ever since the "social outburst" protests of October 2019 and the covid-19 epidemic of 2020, Chilean society has experienced a period of intense social and sociomedical conflicts that have thrown the neoliberal model of development into crisis. The pandemic powerfully highlighted the ways this model operated in terms of health: it prioritized earnings over lives, inequality, and repression instead of dialogue, among other things. In this context of crisis, remembering social medicine, which was developed in Chile in response to the epidemics of the late nineteenth century, has resurfaced as a project.

Desde el Estallido Social de octubre de 2019 hasta la epidemia de covid-19 en 2020, la sociedad chilena ha vivido un intenso periodo de conflictos sociales y sociosanitarios que han puesto en crisis el modelo de desarrollo neoliberal. La pandemia llegó a evidenciar con fuerza las formas de operar de este modelo en lo que a salud se refiere: prioridad de la ganancia por sobre las vidas, desigualdad, la represión por sobre el diálogo, entre otras. En este contexto de crisis, la memoria de la medicina social, desplegada en Chile como respuesta frente a las epidemias de fines del siglo XIX, resurge como proyecto.

Tourism governance during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis: A proposal for a sustainable model to restore the tourism industry.

Unsustainable models of governance belonging to a widespread neoliberal mindset in developed countries have commonly been applied in the tourism industry. The management of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis has provided exemplary lessons regarding the application of sustainable models of governance. Through a participatory research, guidances are provided to tackle the COVID-19 effects in the tourist sector, namely in the Spanish southwestern region of Sierra de Gata. Seventeen indicators are proposed to enhance the safety measures, commitment of tourist authorities, communities empowered and protection of common resources among tourism industry, tourist authority and communities to spread cooperative awareness, mutual trust and shared objectives. Using a sample of 161 tourism companies, we tested a model of tourism governance with two focus groups during May and October 2020. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was utilized. Based on the data attained from a questionnaire and interviews, a sustainable tourism model to recover the threatened tourism sector is proposed. Indeed, our results can be used to draw theoretical and practical conclusions such as 1.) connecting private and public interactions to tackle the spread of the virus and strategies to recover the damaged tourist sector, 2.) to develop corporative values among the tourist industry and communities, 3.) to enhance governance models (trusts, consortia, tourist boards, clusters) to promote cooperation, 4.) to improve the local participation of companies, communities and associations in decision-making, and 5.) to prioritize qualitative development goals over quantitative ones, in the touristic territory. These conclusions are applicable to other regions suffering from the damaging consequences of the pandemic.

Tourism and Sustainability in Times of COVID-19: The Case of Spain.

The aim of this paper is to study the effects of the spread of the COVID-19 virus in different regions and its impact on the economy and regional tourist flows. To this end, the researchers have been guided by a set of propositions which they have tried to demonstrate with the results obtained. This research shows that the impact of the pandemic is still being evaluated. The analysis of the relationship between the tourism sector and the pandemic outbreak in Spain provides an instructive case study to assist tourism in its recovery process. The paper delves into the impacts on the main Spanish touristic regions during the pandemic and providing implications for tourism recovery. In Spain, the tourism sector is of major economic importance, becoming one of the most vulnerable countries when crisis affects this industry. The negative image of the country due to the high infection rates has had a negative impact on travel and tourism. The Balearic Islands have been the most affected region with an 87% decrease in tourist visitors. The trips made by Spanish residents inside the Spanish territory shows the first increase found in the series analyzed. Domestic tourism not only represents an opportunity for all regions in this critical situation, but the types of accommodation also play a key role.